Reforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reforms - Essay Example The changes have bought positive impacts from the view point of parliamentary democracy, parliamentary sovereignty and the rule of law. Two such reforms, introduced under the Labour Party reform agenda, are the House of Lords act, 1999 and Freedom of Information, 2000. The former reform was introduced with the goal to make the House of Lord more representative as well as democratic whereas the later was created to make the government operations more open and increase the democracy and sovereignty of the nation1. UK is a nation that follows parliamentary democracy i.e. the members who form the government body are also members of either of the two Houses of the Parliament (though there are a very few exceptions to this) and, the government of Britain is answerable to the Parliament as it owes its very existence to the Parliament. The Parliament of UK is also a sovereign parliament i.e. the legislative body is superior to any other government body inclusive of executive or judicial bodi es. In the United Kingdom, it is the Parliament which decides the laws and the work of the judges is to interpret it. They cannot themselves make a law2. Under the House of Lords reform, the right to sit and vote held by the hereditary peers was to be ended but the legislative powers of the House of Lords was to remain the same. No particular political party would then have majority in the House of Lords and its composition will be a reflection of the percentage of votes cast in the last General Election. When the first phase of this reform came, all but 92 of the then present hereditary peers were removed from the House of Lords. 3 This law positively affects the British democracy, as proposed by many scholars. According to the result of a poll, the British MPs too have favored a fully elected House of Lords in comparison to the traditional composition citing that a step like that will have a major impact on the British constitutional reform. The government of Britain was previousl y divided into commons and the lords i.e. the there existed a â€Å"lower house† or popularly the â€Å"House of Common† which comprised of elected members and on the other hand there existed the â€Å"upper house† or the â€Å"House of Lords† who were unelected. The Lords believed themselves to be privileged who had either been put to the coveted seat by their fathers who sat on those chairs in the past or by the ruling party of their time. This arrangement was totally in contrast with the idea of democracy. The ultimate decision making power used to rest with the Lords and only when their decisions differed considerably with those of the Commons, the attempt to rule out those decisions used to be made. This highlights the existence of a large section of society with no important voice in the legislative process of the nation. This shows a democratic split. In a truly democratic country, problems like this would have never emerged. Therefore, it can be s aid that the House of Lords Act, 1999 was a step towards enhancing the democracy of the nation. (Britain’s Deficient Democracy) The reformed House of Lords is more confident, authoritative and it is broadly a representation of the society it seeks to serve. It contains people from different parts of the United Kingdom, from varied professions, from all ethnic and religious communities, both men and women and hence it will be

Object data modelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Object data modelling - Essay Example an online, web-based system that could allow their customers to (i) search for the availability and fares for the flight to the desired destination, (ii) make payments securely through a third-party payment system in order to book the tickets for the desired flight, (iii) view the real-time seating arrangement with available seats and select the desired seat in order to self-check-in, and (iv) print out the boarding card. PART I: ANALYSIS REPORT 1. Use-Cases & Use-Case Diagrams Use cases and use-case diagrams are the UML features for gathering and analysis of user-centric requirements. A use case can be defined as a particular purpose that can be achieved by the user (or say, actor) through the system (Chonoles & Schardt, 2003). A use-case diagram depicts a sequence of interactions between the actor and the system (Gomaa, 2011). 1.1. An Overview Use Case Model As shown in Figure 1, following are major use cases of the Ticket Booking and Self-Check-In System: Major Use Case 1: Search the desired flight After logging on to the Happy Tour’s website, the customer can search for the availability and fares for the flights to the desired destination. In order to carry out the search, the customers must provide mandatory information to the system which includes personal details, the departure airport, the destination airport, intended outbound flight date and time. The customer may also provide optional information – the date and time for return trip, to make the search more accurate. Assumption: The search result lists flights with available seats; in other words, if all the seats in the flight are booked then that flight won’t appear in the search result. Major Use Case 2: Book the ticket Once the customer has found the desired flight, she can move on to the booking process where she makes the payment through a third-party secure payment system. If the payment gets successfully processed, an automated confirmation email along with the receipt is sent out by the system to the email address provided by the customer. Major Use Case 3: Self-Check-In The customer can opt to perform self-check-in the booked flight anytime but 24 hours prior to the scheduled flight time. To self-check-in, the customer must search for the flight either through the booked flight number and booking reference number. If the flight is found and the customer’s booking is verified successfully, the system displays the real-time seating arrangement to the customer. The available seats are shown in blue color, while those already reserved are displayed in gray color. The customer can click on any one available seat to choose it, and then proceed to either